List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots. Assassination attempts and plots on Presidents of the United States have been numerous: more than 2. Four sitting presidents have been killed, all of them by gunshot: Abraham Lincoln (the 1. President), James A. Garfield (the 2. 0th President), William Mc. Kinley (the 2. 5th President) and John F. Kennedy (the 3. 5th President).
Two presidents were injured in attempted assassinations, also by gunshot: Theodore Roosevelt (the 2. President) and Ronald Reagan (the 4. President). With the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson, every president's life since John F. Kennedy has been threatened with assassination. Although the historian James W. Clarke has suggested that most American assassinations were politically motivated actions, carried out by rational men.
This may explain why political groups typically do not make such attacks. Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head with a .
Derringer pistol by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D. C. Major Henry Rathbone tried to stop Booth from escaping, but Booth stabbed him in the chest and slashed his arm to the bone with a dagger that he was also carrying. Soon after Lincoln was shot, his wound was declared to be fatal. The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7: 2.
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Booth apparently believed that killing Lincoln would radically change U. S. Seward were targeted in the same plot. However, Johnson's would- be assassin, George Atzerodt, lost his nerve and failed to go through with the attack, while Lewis Powell, who was assigned to kill Seward, was only able to inflict largely superficial injuries due to a combination of his gun misfiring and intervention from Seward's family. James A. Guiteau shot him twice, once in his right arm and the other in his back, with a . Webley British Bulldog revolver, as the president was arriving at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station. Garfield died 1. 1 weeks later, on September 1. Guiteau was immediately arrested.
After a highly publicized trial which lasted from November 1. January 2. 5, 1. 88. A subsequent appeal was rejected, and he was executed by hanging on June 3. District of Columbia, two days before the first anniversary of the attempt. Guiteau was assessed during his trial as mentally unbalanced and possibly suffered from some kind of bipolar disorder or from the effects of syphilis on the brain. He claimed to have shot Garfield out of disappointment for being passed over for appointment as Ambassador to France.
He attributed the president's victory in the election to a speech he wrote in support of Garfield. Mc. Kinley, attending the Pan- American Exposition, was shot twice in the abdomen at close range by Leon Czolgosz, a self- proclaimed anarchist, who was armed with a . The first bullet ricocheted off either a button or an award medal on Mc. Kinley's jacket and lodged in his sleeve but the second shot pierced his stomach. Mc. Kinley died seven days later, on September 1. Members of the crowd captured and subdued Czolgosz.
Afterward, the 4th Brigade, National Guard Signal Corps, and police intervened, beating Czolgosz so severely it was initially thought he might not live to stand trial. On September 2. 4, after a rushed, two- day trial in state court, Czolgosz was sentenced to death. He was executed by electric chair in Auburn Prison on October 2. Czolgosz's actions were politically motivated, although it remains unclear what outcome if any he believed the shooting would yield. Following the assassination of President William Mc.
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Kinley, Congress directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States as part of its mandate. John F. Kennedy was fatally shot twice though his neck and his head by a sniper while riding with his wife Jacqueline in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. He was officially declared dead 3. Parkland Memorial Hospital, but he was effectively brain dead instantly. The assassination was filmed by Dallas dressmaker Abraham Zapruder.
Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee of the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza, and a former U. S. Marine with Marxist beliefs, was arrested shortly after at the Texas Theater after agents found his rifle with shell casings on the sixth floor of the Depository. Oswald was originally arrested for killing Dallas Police officer J. Tippit after the assassination. Sunday, November 2. Detective Jim Leavelle and as he was about to be taken to the Dallas County Jail, Oswald was shot and fatally wounded in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub operator who said that he had been distraught over the Kennedy assassination.
The shooting by Ruby was televised, as Oswald's transfer was being covered by the media. Oswald was taken unconscious by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he died at 1: 0.
Ruby was convicted of Oswald's murder and died in prison in 1. The ten- month investigation of the Warren Commission of 1. They also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. Nonetheless, polls conducted from 1.
Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover- up. Lawrence was apprehended after Jackson beat him severely with his cane. Lawrence was found not guilty by reason of insanity and confined to a mental institution until his death in 1. Allan Pinkerton's Pinkerton National Detective Agency, played a key role in protecting the president- elect by managing Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether or not the threat was real, Lincoln and his advisers took actions to ensure his safe passage through Baltimore. August 1. 86. 4: A lone rifle shot fired by an unknown sniper missed Lincoln's head by inches (passing through his hat) as he rode in the late evening, unguarded, north from the White House three miles to Soldiers' Home (his regular retreat where he would work and sleep before returning to the White House the following morning). Near eleven o'clock pm, Private John W.
Nichols of the Pennsylvania 1. Volunteers, the sentry on duty at the gated entrance to the Soldiers' Home grounds, heard the rifle shot and moments later saw the President riding toward him . Lincoln described the matter to Ward Lamon, his old friend and loyal bodyguard.
Secret Service agents, FBI agents and U. S. Vice- President in 1. Burnham, held considerable mining interests in Mexico. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. Before a campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, John F.
Schrank, a saloon- keeper from New York who had been stalking him for weeks, shot Roosevelt once in the chest with a . The 5. 0- page text of his campaign speech folded over twice in Roosevelt's breast pocket and a metal glasses case slowed the bullet, saving his life. Schrank was immediately disarmed, captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed. Doctors decided it would be too risky to remove it, so the bullet remained in Roosevelt's body for the rest of his life. He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail. Despite his tenacity, Roosevelt ultimately lost his bid for reelection.
He was found legally insane and was institutionalized until his death in 1. The plotters had an itinerary but the bomber was arrested before he could place the explosives on the rails.
Hoover professed unconcern, tearing off the front page of a newspaper that revealed the plot and explaining, . The assassination attempt occurred less than three weeks before Roosevelt's swearing- in for his first term in office. Although Zangara did not wound the President- elect, he did kill Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak and wounded five other people. Zangara was found guilty of murder and was executed on March 2. The writer John William Tuohy has suggested that Cermak, a strong foe of Al Capone's Chicago mob, was the intended target, not Roosevelt, but other historians disagree.
The Secret Service had been alerted by British intelligence after similar letters had been sent to high- ranking British officials and the Gang claimed credit. The mail room of the White House intercepted the letters and the Secret Service defused them. At the time, the incident was not publicized. Truman's daughter Margaret confirmed the incident in her biography of Truman published in 1.
It had earlier been told in a memoir by Ira R. T. Smith, who worked in the mail room. In the attack, Torresola mortally wounded White House Policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed the attacker with a shot to the head. Torresola also wounded White House Policeman Joseph Downs. Collazo wounded another officer, and survived with serious injuries. Truman was not harmed at all but was at risk. He commuted Collazo's death sentence, after conviction in a federal trial, to life in prison.
In 1. 97. 9, President Jimmy Carter commuted it to time served. Kennedy was threatened by Richard Paul Pavlick, a 7. Catholics. Pavlick intended to crash his dynamite- laden 1. Buick into Kennedy's vehicle, but he changed his mind after seeing Kennedy's wife and daughter bid him goodbye. Pavlick spent the next six years in both federal prison and mental institutions before being released in December 1. Kennedy was successfully assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in November 1.
Richard Nixon. A few weeks later, he instead shot and seriously injured the Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, who was paralyzed for life (d. Three other people were unintentionally wounded. February 2. 2, 1. Samuel Byck planned to kill Nixon by crashing a commercial airliner into the White House.
After he shot both pilots (one later died), an officer shot Byck through the plane's door window.